These are the footnotes for the web excerpts from Chapter 9 of
The Read-Aloud Handbook (Penguin, 2006, 6th edition).

Footnotes for CHAPTER NINE

( TV, Audio, & Technology—Hurting or Helping Literacy? )

1. Dimitri A. Christakis, MD, MPH; Frederick J. Zimmerman, PhD; David L. DiGiuseppe, MS; and Carolyn A. McCarty, PhD, "Early Television Exposure & Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children,” Pediatrics, vol. 113 no. 4 , pp. 708-713; online at www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/tvapril.pdf. See also the NPR-Morning Edition report: "Study Links TV, Attention Disorders in Kids," April 5, 2004. The four-minute story and interview with one of the researchers can be heard online for free at: www.npr.org/rundowns/segment.php?wfId=1812501.
2. Victoria J. Rideout, Elizabeth A. Vandewater and Ellen A. Wartella, Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers (Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003) online at: http://www.kff.org.
3. Linda Carroll, “The Problem With Some ‘Smart Toys’: (Hint) Use Your Imagination,” The New York Time, October 26, 2004, pp. F5, F12. See also the later debate covered by NPR: Baby Einstein Videos Found Ineffective; and In Defense of Baby Einstein.
4. Dina L. G. Borzekowski and Thomas N. Robinson, "The remote, the house, and the no. 2 pencil," Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2005, 159, pp. 607-613.
5. Donald F. Roberts, Ph.D., Ulla G. Foehr, M.A., Victoria Rideout, M.A., Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 year-olds, (Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2005) online at: http://www.kff.org.
6. Ibid.
7. I have no connection whatsoever with this company or product. I paid in full for my copy of Time-Scout Monitor; it was not a product review copy. For more information, see www.time-scout.com.
8. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Life in the Twentieth Century (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2000).
9. Irwin Kirsch, John de Jong, Dominique LaFontaine, Joy McQueen, Juliette Mendelovits, and Christian Monseur, Reading for Change: Performance and Engagement Across Countries, Results from Pisa 2000, Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), online at http://213.253.134.29/OECD/pdfs/browseit/9602071e.pdf; also: "OECD Pisa 2003 Results: Young Finns still at the OECD top," Ministry of Education Finland, 2003, online at http://www.minedu.fi/minedu/education/pisa/results2003.html.
10. Lizette Alvarez, "Educators Flocking to Finland, Land of Literate Children," The New York Times, International Section, April 9, 2004; see also: Sean Coughlan, "Education key to economic survival," BBC News, November 23, 2004; online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/education/4031805.stm; also: Pirjo Linnakylä, “Subtitles Prompt Finnish Children to Read,” Reading Today (IRA bimonthly), October/November 1993, p. 31.
11. Warwick B. Elley, How in the World Do Students Read? (Hamburg: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, July 1992).
12. Susan B. Neuman and Patricia Koskinen, “Captioned Television as ‘Comprehensible Input’: Effects of Incidental Word Learning from Context for Language Minority Students,” Reading Research Quarterly, 27, 1992, pp. 95–106; P. S. Koskinen, R. S. Wilson, L. Gambrell, L. and C. J. Jensema,, ERS Spectrum: Journal of School Research and Information 4(2), pp. 9–13; Patricia S. Koskinen, Robert M. Wilson, Linda B. Gambrell, Susan B. Neuman, “Captioned Video and Vocabulary Learning: An Innovative Practice in Literacy Instruction,” The Reading Teacher, September 1993, pp. 36–43; Robert J. Rickelman, William A. Henk, Kent Layton, “Closed-Captioned Television: A Viable Technology for the Reading Teacher,” The Reading Teacher, April 1996, pp. 598–99.

Chapter Nine — p. 1   p. 2   p. 3   p. 4

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